Diabetes Glossary of Terms

The later be qualification and medical definition of expressions that occur contained by the Diabetes article.

A1C: A oral exam that measures how considerably glucose enjoy be stick during the ancient 34 months to hemoglobin , the items in the red blood cell that carry oxygen to the cells of the article. The A1C test be major in diabetes in place of a long-term assumption of tenure accomplish blood glucose . Even facade of diabetes, an elevated A1C plane may be a cardiovascular stake factor.Abdomen: The belly , that bit of the body that contain all of the perfume linking the safe and the pelvis . The belly is removed anatomically from the chest via the diaphragm , the disorderly muscle spanning the body cavity down the stairs the lungs .

Abdominal: Relating to the abdomen, the belly , that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis . The abdomen is separated anatomically from the chest by the diaphragm , the powerful muscle spanning the body cavity below the lungs .Abdominal engender suffer: Pain in the belly (the abdomen). Abdominal pain can come from provisos affecting a array of organs. The abdomen is an anatomical breadth i.e. delimited by the vilify fringe of the ribs above, the pelvic ferment (pubic ramus) below, and the flank subsequent to respectively in its side. Although abdominal pain can arise from the tissues of the abdominal wall that lay siege to the abdominal cavity (the buffalo stash and abdominal wall muscles), the tenure abdominal pain unanimously is in more rapidly times owned to classify pain come from organs into the abdominal cavity (from in the skin and muscles). These organs demand the outlook, marginal intestine, colon, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Abnormal: Not majority. Deviating from the conventional structure, point of levy, condition, or behavior. In referring to a enlargement, peculiar may niggardly that it is cancerous or premalignant (likely to become cancer ).ACE inhibitors : A pills that inhibit ACE (angiotensin convert enzyme) which is important to the making of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II cause artery in the body to constrict and thereby raise the blood hassle. ACE inhibitors lower the blood pressure by inhibit the formation of angiotensin II. This situate your foot up the arteries. Relaxing the arteries not merely lower blood pressure, but also improve the pump helpfulness of a failing heart and improves cardiac yield in patients close by heart fiasco. ACE inhibitors are consequently used in benefit of blood pressure control and congestive heart failure .

Acidosis: Too much sour in the body, a distinctly abnormal condition ensuing from the mass of acid or from the depletion of alkaline reserves. In acidosis, the pH of the blood is markedly minimal. Acidosis is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, lung virus, and terrible kidney disease. The divergent of acidosis is alkalosis where in that is as economically giant a pH in the red to overstatement groundwork or not adequate acid in the body.

Acromegaly: Condition due to the prosperity of too much growth hormone by the pituitary gland after the shutting down of babyish old age.

Acute: Of brusque birth, in clue to a disease. Acute recurrently also connotes an syndrome that is of epigrammatic duration, swiftly liberal, and in requirement of vital relief.

Aggressive: In oncology, speedily escalating, liable to circulation rapidly. As, for taster, an aggressive tumor.

Alcohol: An natural chemical in which one or more hydroxyl (OH) group are attached to carbon (C) atom in place of hydrogen (H) atoms. Common alcohols include ethyl alcohol or ethanol (found in alcoholic beverages), methyl alcohol or methanol (can wreak blindness) and propyl alcohol or propanol (used as a solvent and antiseptic ). Rubbing alcohol is a mix of acetone , methyl isobutyl ketone, and ethyl alcohol. In homespun cooperate, alcohol as a matter of course refers to ethanol as, for example, in wine, beer, and liquor. It can cause tuning in behavior and be addictive.

Amitriptyline: An antidepressant medication. In greater than a few patients with despair, abnormal level of brainpower chemical phone call neurotransmitters may recite to the depression. Amitriptyline elevate meaning by angle the level of neurotransmitters in brain tissue. Amitriptyline is also a sleeping drug that is multipurpose for depressed patients with wakefulness, edginess, and tentativeness. It is sometimes used to carelessness fibromyalgia and symptom connected to hardened pain. Brand identify are Elavil and Endep. A generic variation is accessible.

Amputation: Removal of part or all of a body part sheltered by skin. For example, deduction of part of a finger or an full finger would be term an amputation. Removal of an appendix, on the other appendage, would not be termed amputation. A animal who has undergone an amputation is called an amputee.

Abnormally see-through blood sugar levels due to as in pious form a serious deal insulin or other glucose-lowering medication.

Anemia: The condition of have smaller amount than the normal numeral of red blood cells or less than the normal amount of hemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen-carrying size of the blood is, therefore, abandon.Angina: Chest pain due to an not enough secure of oxygen to the heart muscle. The chest pain of angina is as usual severe and crushing. There is a sentiment justly bringing up the flipside the breastbone (the sternum) of pressure and suffocation.

Angiotensin: A house of peptides (smaller than proteins) that stroke as vasoconstrictors to authoritarian blood vessel.

Angiotensin converting enzyme: Usually abbreviated ACE.

Antibody: An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune protein , produced because of the exit of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the extra notable expertise to blend with the extremely antigen that trigger its production.

Arm: 1. In desirable usage, the appendage that extend from the shoulder to the hand. However, the medical definition refers to the upper limit extend from the shoulder only to the elbow, excluding the forearm, which extends from the elbow to the wrist. The arm contains one bone: the humerus. 2. In a randomized clinical consideration, any of the cure groups. Most randomized trial have two "arms," but some have three "arms," or even more.

Atherosclerosis: A process of progressive thicken and harden of the walls of medium-sized and huge arteries therefore of plump sediment on their central pool liner.Autoimmune: Pertaining to autoimmunity, a misdirected immune retort that occur when the immune complex dance awry and dive the body itself.

Baseline: 1. Information amass at the outset of a investigation from which variation found in the study are measured.2. A agreed significance or quantity with which an unknown is relate when measured or assess.3. The pilot event thorn in a clinical trial, just formerly a participant push into to receive the trial treatment which is someone tested. At this reference point, measurable values such as CD4 reckon are record. Safety and efficacy of a drug are often unwavering by monitor changes from the baseline values.

Beta cell: A species of cell in the pancreas. Within the pancreas, the beta cells are sited in area called the islet of Langerhans where on earth they constitute the predominant type of cell. The beta cells make and unwrap insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Degeneration of the beta cells is the foremost cause of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

Bladder: Any pod or other pliable birdcage that can grasp gooey or gas but usually refers to the dimple organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine -- the urinary bladder. The kidneys filter rest from the blood and discharge urine, which enter the bladder through two tube called ureters. Urine leaves the bladder through another conduit, the urethra . In women, the urethra is a short tube that give details of just further on of the vagina . In man, it is longer, back-up through the prostate gland and next the penis . Infection of the bladder is called cystitis .

Blindness: Loss of useful close study. Blindness can be pro tem or unchanging. Damage to any allocation of the eye, the optic impertinence, or the area of the brain in assert for phantasm can head to blindness. There are numerous (actually, innumerable) causes of blindness. The standard politically true terms for blindness include visually handicapped and visually challenge.

Blood: The aware red liquor in the body that contains white and red blood cells, platelets, proteins, and other elements. The blood is transported all through the body by the circulatory system. Blood function in two directions: arterial and venous. Arterial blood is the system by which oxygen and nutrients are transported to tissues while venous blood is the means by which carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are transported to the lungs and kidneys, respectively, for removal from the body.

Blood glucose: The main sugar that the body make from the diet in the diet. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to make available chirpiness to all cells in the body. Cells cannot utilize glucose in need the oblige of insulin .

Blood pressure: The blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within the arteries. It is produced for the peak part by the contraction of the heart muscle. It's period is recorded by two numbers. The initial (systolic pressure) is measured after the heart pact and is great. The second (diastolic pressure) is measured before the heart contracts and lowest. A blood pressure cuff is used to measure the pressure.

Elevation of blood pressure is called "hypertension".

Blood sugar: Blood glucose. See also: High blood sugar; Low blood sugar.

Blurred vision: Lack of sheerness of vision with, as a arise, the inability to see fabulous decorum. Blurred vision can filch place when a person who wear remedial lens is without them. Blurred vision can also be an important clue to eye disease.

Brain:That part of the important harassed out system that is located within the cranium ( head ). The brain functions as the foremost addressee, organizer and vending machine of gen for the body. It has two (right and left) halve called "hemispheres." Cancer: An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled track and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread).

"This study carefully suggest that the indiscriminate model train of prescribe H2 blockers to instruction out or extravagance acid reflux in premature infants requirements to be cooperatively reevaluated by all vexed in reading light of these period findings," said Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D., Director of the National Institutes of Health.

Capsaicin: A entity of clear in your consciousness flowers, with cayenne and red pepper, used topically to free secondary arthritis pain and nerve pain. Capsaicin is in cream such as Arthricare and Zostrix that are applied to the skin . It appear to occupation by reducing a chemical substance found at nerve finish that is confused in transmit pain signal to the brain .

Carbohydrates:Mainly sugars and starches, both constitute one of the three principal type of nutrients used as energy source (calories) by the body. Carbohydrates can also be defined chemically as indistinct compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Carbohydrates: Mainly sugars and starches, together constituting one of the three principal types of nutrients used as energy sources (calories) by the body. Carbohydrates can also be defined chemically as neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Cell: The underlying structural and functional part in those and all alive things. Each cell is a small pencil case of chemicals and marine wrap in a membrane .

Childhood: (1) The time for a boy or girl from birth until he or she is an developed. (2) The more circumscribed scope of time from early years to the onset of puberty .

Chronic: This important term in medication come from the Greek chronos, time and means long-term a drawn out time.

Chronic pancreatitis : A fashion of pancreatitis in which there is insistent inflammation of the pancreas .

Circulation: The upgrading of fluid in a balanced or circuitous curriculum. Although the noun "circulation" follow not necessarily refer to the circulation of the blood, for all useful purpose today it does. Heart failure is an example of a inhibition with the circulation.

Claudication : Limping. The synonym "claudication" comes from the Latin "claudicare" gist to inert. The Roman emperor Claudius (who ruled from A.D. 41-54) be for that reason name because he limp, probably because of a birth malfunction.Clinical: 1. Having to do with the breakdown and treatment of patients. 2. Applicable to patients. A laboratory test may be of clinical value (of use to patients).

Clinical disease: A disease with clinical signs and symptoms that are interesting. As definite from a subclinical illness without clinical manifestation. Diabetes, for example, can be subclinical in someone before emerging as a clinical disease.

Coma: A home of deep unarousable passing of consciousness.Complication: In medicine, an superfluous problem that arise following a blueprint, treatment or illness and is minor to it. A complication complicate the picture.Condition: The term "condition" has several biomedical meaning including the following: An undersized state, such as in "this is a progressive condition." A state of fitness, such as "getting into condition." Something that is needed to the popularity of something else; inherently a "precondition." As a verb: to cause a change in something so that a response that was previously associated with a certain stimulus become associated with another stimulus; to condition a person, as in behavioral conditioning.

Contraction: The tightening and shortening of a muscle.

Cortisol: The primary weigh down hormone. Cortisol is the focal basic GLUCOCORTICOID (GC) in human.Cymbalta: Brand name for duloxetine hydrochloride, a drug accredited by the FDA to treat major depresssion in adults and to manage the pain associated with diabetic at a tangent neuropathy , nerve defacement in diabetes . The drug act as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, growing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, two neurotransmitters, or chemical courier, believed to be important in regulating a person's sentiment also as reducing the soreness to pain.Dehydration : Excessive loss of body water. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that cause vomiting or diarrhea may, for example, lead to dehydration. There are a digit of other causes of dehydration including boil revealing, prolonged vigorous games (e.g., in a marathon), kidney disease, and medication (diuretics).

Depression : An illness that involve the body, mood, and imaginings, that affect the way a person eat and nod sour, the way one grain in the region of oneself, and the way one think about things. A depressive mix up is not impossible to tell apart as a passing sapphire mood. It is not a figure of personal tenderness or a condition that can be wish away. People with a depressive disease cannot simply "pull themselves together" and stare aloft. Without treatment, symptoms can finishing for weeks, months, or years.

Appropriate treatment, nevertheless, can help most people with depression.Diabetes: Refers to diabetes mellitus or, less often, to diabetes insipidus . Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus quota the name "diabetes" because they are both conditions characterized by very high urination (polyuria).Diabetes mellitus: Better known just as " diabetes " -- a chronic disease associated with abnormally high levels of the sugar glucose in the blood. Diabetes is due to one of two piece of equipment:(1) Inadequate production of insulin (which is made by the pancreas and lowers blood glucose) or(2) Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the goings-on of insulin.

The two main types of diabetes correspond to these two mechanisms and are called insulin dependent (type 1) and non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes. In type 1 diabetes there is no insulin or not enough of it. In type 2 diabetes, there is generally enough insulin but the cells upon it should act are not usually emotional to its action.Diabetic eye disease: 1. A disease of the small blood vessels of the retina of the eye in people with diabetes . The vessels bloat and outflow liquid into the retina, make unclear the vision and sometimes major to blindness . Also called diabetic retinopathy . 2. Any eye disease to which diabetes predispose including not only diabetic retinopathy but also cataract (clouding of the lens ) and glaucoma (increased fluid pressure inside the eye that can lead to optic nerve damage and loss of vision).

Diabetic ketoacidosis: High blood glucose with the attendance of ketones in the urine and bloodstream, often cause by taking too little insulin or during illness. See: Ketoacidosis.

Diabetic nephropathy: The kidney disease associated with long-standing diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is also called Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease (or Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome) or intercapillary glomerulonephritis.

Diabetic neuropathy: A family of nerve disorder caused by diabetes. Diabetic neuropathies cause lack of feeling and sometimes pain and weakness in the hand, guns, feet, and legs. Neurologic teething troubles in diabetes may occur in both organ system, including the digestive tract, heart, and genitalia. People with diabetes can crowd together nerve problems at any time, but the longer a person has diabetes, the greater is the risk.Diabetic retinopathy: A rife complication of diabetes affecting the blood vessels in the retina (the constricted light-sensitive membrane that indemnify the backbone of the eye ). If extemporized, it may lead to blindness. If diagnose and treat on the dot, blindness is usually preventable.

Diagnosis: 1 The mind of a disease ; the designation of an illness. 2 A end or judgment reach by diagnosis. The diagnosis is rabies . 3 The identification of any problem. The diagnosis was a plug IV.

Dialysis: The process of sanitization the blood by passing it through a special reclaimed tool. Dialysis is mandatory when the kidneys are not competent to filter the blood. Dialysis allows patients with kidney failure a karma to in performance useful live.

There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Each type of dialysis has advantages and snag. Patients can often elect to choose the type of long term dialysis that slime of the produce match their desires.

People who also bring a medication mark a 'proton pump inhibitor" to lessen tummy tart when more habitually than not using aspirin, ibuprofen, or another established non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) all for misery relief from arthritis or other materials, notch their probability of sooner or next feminine hospitalized for an splodge via 54 percent, according to a modern den sponsor by HHS' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Disease: Illness or disease often characterized by exemplary merciful problems (symptoms) and bodily findings (signs). Disruption succession: The contact that occur when a fetus that is emergent normally is subjected to a insidious agent such as the rubella (German measles) virus.

Dizziness : Painless executive discomfort with masses viable causes including disturbances of vision, the brain, stability (vestibular) system of the inner ear, and gastrointestinal system. Dizziness is a medically misty term which laypersons use to describe a choice of conditions range from lightheadedness, shakiness to vertigo.

Duloxetine: See: Cymbalta.

Dysfunction: Difficult control or abnormal function.

Elavil: See: Amitriptyline.

Enzyme: A protein (or protein-based molecule) that speed up a chemical dislike in a living organism. An enzyme acts as catalyst for specific chemical reaction , converting a specific coalesce of reactants (called substrates) into specific products. Without enzymes, liveliness as we know it would not be alive.Erectile dysfunction: A common men's health problem characterized by the regular inability to sustain an erection ample for sexual intercourse or the inability to realize ejaculation , or both. Impotence can swing. It can involve a actual inability to achieve an erection or ejaculation, an ironic ability to do so, or a proclivity to sustain only very brief erections. Erectile dysfunction is also called impotence , Essential: 1. Something that cannot be done without.

2. Required in the diet, because the body cannot make it. As in an essential amino acid or an essential fatty acid.

3. Idiopathic. As in essential hypertension. "Essential" is a hallowed term meaning "We don't know the cause." Exogenous: Originating from outside the organism. Insulin taken by a diabetic is exogenous insulin.

Eye: The organ of sight. The eye has a number of components. These components include but are not set to the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous.

Fasting blood glucose: A method for research how much glucose (sugar) there is in a blood preview taken after an overnight hasty. The fast blood glucose test is usually used in the sighting of diabetes mellitus. A blood sample is taken in a lab, doctor's department, or clinic. The test is done in the morning before the person has devour. The normal, nondiabetic extent for blood glucose is from 70 to 110 mg/dl, depending on the type of blood being tested. If the level is over 140 mg/dl, it usually means the person has diabetes (except for newborn and some expectant women).

Fat: 1 Along with proteins and carbohydrates, one of the three nutrients used as energy sources by the body. The energy produced by fat is 9 calories per gram. Proteins and carbohydrates each provide 4 calories per gram. 2 Total fat; the damages of soaking damp, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can help go down blood cholesterol when substitute for saturated fats in the diet. 3 A slang term for obese or adipose. 4 In chemistry, a combination formed from chemicals called fatty acids. These fats are glistening, solid materials found in animal tissues and in some plants. Fats are the major component of the flabby material of a body, commonly known as blubber.

Fatigue: A condition characterized by a lessened capacity for work and reduced efficiency of accomplishment, usually attend by a feeling of wooziness and tiredness. Fatigue can be acute and come on carelessly or chronic and keep at it.

FDA: The Food and Drug Administration, an agency within the U.S. Public Health Service, which is a part of the Department of Health and Human Services.Feet: The plural of foot, both an anatomic structure and a unit of measure.Foot: The end of the leg on which a person normally last out and amble. The foot is an ever so complex anatomic structure made up of 26 bones and 33 joint that must act as a team with 19 muscles and 107 ligaments to execute notably fanatical movements. At the same time the foot must be frosty to championship more than 100,000 smash of pressure for every mile walk. Even small changes in the foot can unexpectedly threaten its structural integrity and cause pain with every rung.Gangrene: The loss of body tissue due to the loss of blood supply to that tissue, sometimes certification microbes to invade it and speed up up its breakdown.Gastroparesis : Gastroparesis is a medical condition in which the muscle of the stomach is paralyzed by a disease of any the stomach muscle itself or the nerves controlling the muscle. As a insinuation, food and secretion do not futile normally from the stomach, and there is nausea and vomiting.

Abdominal bloat and pain can result.

Genetic: Having to do with genes and genetic information.

Gestational diabetes: See: Diabetes, gestational.

Gland: 1. A division of cells that keep under wraps a substance for use in the body. For example, the thyroid gland. 2. A group of cells that eliminate materials from the circulation. For example, a lymph gland.

Glaucoma : A common eye condition in which the fluid pressure inside the eye expansion because of slow fluid drainage from the eye. If untreated, it may damage the optic nerve and other parts of the eye, cause the loss of vision or even blindness.Glucose: The unsophisticated sugar (monosaccharide) that serve as the chief basis of energy in the body. Glucose is the principal sugar the body makes. The body makes glucose from proteins, fats and, in largest part, carbohydrates. Glucose is carried to each cell through the bloodstream. Cells, however, cannot use glucose without the help of insulin . Glucose is also known as dextrose.

Glucose non-judgmental attitude test: A blood test done to make the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . The test may also be done for other purposes such as to diagnose hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or a malabsorption syndrome in which sugar is not out of domestic animals properly through the insides into the bloodstream.Growth hormone: A hormone made in the pituitary gland that waken up the release of another hormone called somatomedin by the liver, thereby causing growth. Also known as somatotropin. Growth hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, the front subsection of the gland, and is a polypeptide that consists of 191 amino acids . Growth hormone is given to family with pituitary dwarfism (short stature due to underfunction of the anterior pituitary) to help them bud. Excessive growth hormone production in children can lead to gigantism, and in adults it can lead to acromegaly.

After 12 months, 6.4% of those in the control group had quit smoking. However 13.6% of those in the other group had quit, import that they were extra potential to have stopped smoking than those in the control group.

Heart: The muscle that pump blood received from vein into arteries throughout the body. It is positioned in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone; in front of the trachea, esophagus, and aorta; and above the diaphragm muscle that cut off the chest and abdominal cavity. The normal heart is about the mass of a closed fist, and weigh about 10.5 ounces. It is cone-shaped, with the point of the cone point downstairs to the disappeared. Two-thirds of the heart lies in the left side of the chest with the balance in the accurate chest.Heart attack: The death of heart muscle due to the loss of blood supply. The loss of blood supply is usually caused by a complete obstruction of a coronary artery, one of the arteries that rations blood to the heart muscle. Death of the heart muscle, in swerve, causes chest pain and electrical explosive nature of the heart muscle tissue.

Heart disease: Any disorder that affects the heart.

Sometimes the term "heart disease" is used narrowly and inaccurately as a synonym for coronary artery disease. Heart disease is synonymous with cardiac disease but not with cardiovascular disease which is any disease of the heart or blood vessels. Among the many types of heart disease, see, for example: Angina; Arrhythmia; Congenital heart disease; Coronary artery disease (CAD); Dilated cardiomyopathy; Heart attack (myocardial infarction); Heart failure; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral spigot prolapse; and Pulmonary stenosis.

Hemoglobin: The oxygen-carrying pigment and predominant protein in the red blood cells . Hemoglobin form an unpredictable, reversible union with oxygen. In its oxygenated state it is called oxyhemoglobin and is witty red. In the reduced state it is called deoxyhemoglobin and is purple-blue.Hemoglobin A1C: The main piece of glycosylated hemoglobin (glycohemoglobin) which is hemoglobin to which glucose is skip. Hemoglobin A1C is tested to display the long-term control of diabetes mellitus .High blood pressure : Also known as hypertension, high blood pressure is, by definition, a repetitively elevated blood pressure exceeding 140 over 90 mmHg -- a systolic pressure above 140 with a diastolic pressure above 90.High blood sugar: An elevated level of the sugar glucose in the blood. Also called hyperglycemia .HIV:Acronym for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus , the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV has also been called the human lymphotropic virus type III, the lymphadenopathy-associated virus and the lymphadenopathy virus . No thing what name is applied, it is a retrovirus. (A retrovirus has an RNA genome and a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Using the reverse transcriptase , the virus use its RNA as a template for making different DNA which can merge into the DNA of the host organism).Hormone: A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulate the pastime of certain cells or organs.

According to the pollster, parents and their diabetic children can find straightforward statistics on low blood sugar and how to cope with it from Childrenwithdiabetes.com, the American Diabetes Association, and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.

Hyperosmolar: In biochemistry, pertaining to an osmolar focus of the body fluid that is abnormally increased. As, for example, in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome and hyperosmolar coma.

Hypoglycemia : Low blood sugar (glucose). When symptoms of hypoglycemia occur together with a recognizable blood glucose beneath 45 mg/dl, and the symptoms promptly answer with the leadership of glucose, the diagnosis of hypoglycemia can be made with some resolve. Hypoglycemia is only extraordinary when it is associated with symptoms.

Immune: Protected defiant infectivity. The Latin immunis means free, excepted.

Immune system: A complex system that is responsible for distinguishing us from everything foreign to us, and for protecting us against infection and foreign substances. The immune system works to wish and eradicate invader.

Immunosuppression: Suppression of the immune system.

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Impaired glucose tolerance: A transition juncture between normal glucose tolerance and diabetes, also referred to as prediabetes. In impair glucose tolerance (IGT), the levels of blood glucose are between normal and diabetic. People with IGT do not have diabetes . Each year, only 1-5% of people whose test grades establish IGT in fairness develop diabetes. And with retesting, as many as somewhat of the people with IGT have normal oral glucose tolerance test results. Weight loss and exercise may help people with IGT come flood back their glucose levels to normal.Impotence : A common problem among men characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the inability to achieve ejaculation , or both. Impotence can vary. It can involve a total inability to achieve an erection or ejaculation, an inconsistent ability to do so, or a tendency to sustain only very brief erections.Incidence: The frequency with which something, such as a disease, appears in a out of the dreary population or area. In disease epidemiology, the amount is the number of just presently diagnosed cases during a specific time period. The incidence is distinct from the preponderance which refers to the number of cases alive on a certain date.

Indicate: In medicine, to make a treatment or procedure advisable because of a particular condition or circumstance. For example, certain medications are indicate for the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy while others are contraindicated.

Indication: 1. In medicine, a condition which makes a particular treatment or procedure advisable. CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) is an demonstration for the use of Gleevec (imatinib mesylate). 2. A sign or a circumstance which designate or show the cause, pathology, treatment, or effect of an attack of disease. The presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in peripheral blood cells is an indication of a drift back in CML.

Infection: The growth of a parasitic organism within the body. (A parasitic organism is one that lives on or in another organism and draw its nutrition therefrom.) A person with an infection has another organism (a "germ") growing within him, map its nourishment from the person.Inflammation: A basic way in which the body counter to infection , amplification or other inability, the switch facet being rosiness, high heat, swelling and pain . Inflammation is now important as a type of nonspecific immune response .

Inpatient: A patient whose care require a stay on in a hospital. As opposed to an outpatient. The term inpatient date back to at most minuscule 1760. The overnight case of an inpatient was referred to an incase.

Insulin: A natural hormone made by the pancreas that controls the level of the sugar glucose in the blood. Insulin permit cells to use glucose for energy. Cells cannot utilize glucose without insulin.

Insulin combat: The miscarry to recognize ability of cells behind you back with to the action of insulin in delivery glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into muscle and other tissues. Insulin resistance typically develop with load and herald the onset of type 2 diabetes. It is as if insulin is "knocking" on the door of muscle. The muscle hear the knock, opens up, and consent to glucose in. But with insulin resistance, the muscle cannot hear the knock of the insulin (the muscle is "resistant"). The pancreas makes more insulin, which increase insulin levels in the blood and causes a louder "knock." Eventually, the pancreas produce far more insulin than normal and the muscles prolong to be solid to the knock. As long as one can produce enough insulin to attain through this resistance, blood glucose levels loiter normal. Once the pancreas is no longer able to marinate up, blood glucose starts to rise, at the outset after buffet, sooner or next even in the fasting state. Type 2 diabetes is now overt.

Intestine: The long, tubelike organ in the abdomen that complete the process of digestion. It consists of the small and large intestines.

Ischemia: Inadequate blood supply (circulation) to a regional area due to blockage of the blood vessels to the area.

Juvenile: Between infantile and adult as, for example, in young rheumatoid arthritis (onset before age 16 years) and juvenile diabetes (type 1 diabetes).

Ketoacidosis: A feature of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus characterized by a concurrence of ketosis and acidosis . Ketosis is the accumulation of substances called ketone body in the blood. Acidosis is increased tang of the blood.

Ketone: A chemical substances that the body makes when it does not have enough insulin in the blood. When ketones put up up in the body for a long time, momentous illness or coma can result. See: Diabetic ketoacidosis; Ketoacidosis Kidney: One of a couple of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen which clear "poisons" from the blood, bend acid concentration and maintain water balance in the body by excreting urine. The kidneys are part of the urinary tract. The urine then ratify through linking tubes called "ureters" into the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it is released during urination.

Laboratory: A place for doing test and research procedures and prepare chemicals, etc. Although "laboratory" look very just corpulent the corner the Latin "laboratorium" (a place to labor, a work place), the word "laboratory" come from the Latin "elaborare" (to weigh up, as a problem, and with tremendous pains), as substantiation by the Old English spelling "elaboratory" designate "a place where well-educated physical exertion was applied to the therapy of solid problems."Lancing device: A device that hold a lancet convincingly, and when triggered, move the lancet linearly ahead to prick the skin in a controlled carriage. Lancing devices usually can be in step to alter the wisdom that the lancet goes into the skin. The plan is to find a grain of capillary blood for carrying out tests. Also called a lancet device.

Laser: A powerful floor joist of table hurricane lantern that can produce strenuous heat when decisive at lock up range. Lasers are used in medicine in microsurgery, cauterization, for diagnostic purposes, etc. For example, lasers are employed in microsurgery to commit a intrusion tissue and remove tissue.Lens: The clear as crystal structure inside the eye that focus light rays onto the retina (the nerve division that lines the back of the eye, senses light and discover impulse that go through the optic nerve to the brain). The lens was named after the lentil bean because it look like it in build and size.

Lethargy: 1. Abnormal tiredness, stupor. 2. A state of lethargy.

From the Greek lethargia, drowsiness.

Liver: An organ in the upper abdomen that aids in digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the blood.

The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. The liver weighs about three and a half pounds (1.6 kilograms). It measures about 8 inch (20 cm) horizontally (across) and 6.5 inches (17 cm) vertically (down) and is 4.5 inches (12 cm) covered with goo.

Low blood sugar: A low blood level of the sugar glucose.

Also called hypoglycemia .Macrovascular : Pertaining to the macrovasculature, the portion of the vasculature of the body comprise the larger vessels, those with an middle diameter of more than 100 microns. By judgment to microvascular. The term macrovascular is a moment or two less used than microvascular. There is a pen of microvascular surgery. Macrovacular surgery is usually simply called vascular surgery.

Macrovascular disease: Disease of the large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the sizable arteries in the brain and in the limb. Macrovascular disease is by contrast to microvascular disease. In folks with diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia (assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin level) is related to the development of microvascular disease; however, the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin to macrovascular disease is less clear.

Medic Alert: Originally,a wristlet that a person could wear to caution medical professionals in an emergency about a serious health problem. In 1953 Linda Collins, the daughter of Dr. Marion Collins and Chrissie Collins, had a near-fatal reaction to a tetanus antitoxin mark test. The realization that their daughter could have depart this life if given the in depth tetanus shot suggested the need for personal identification.

Her father suggested that she pass a documentary deterrent about her allergy. She do, attach it to a bracelet. Her parents later designed a dull identification bracelet, which bore not only a encyclopaedia of her allergy but also the emblem of the medical profession -- two serpents wrapped nigh on a following -- and the lines "Medic Alert." The Collins family found the Medic Alert Foundation in 1956 to provide emergency access to the medical annals of people with potentially life-threatening conditions.

Medication: 1. A drug or medicine. 2. The administration of a drug or medicine. (Note that "medication" does not have the distrustful lookalike meaning of "drug.") Metabolic: Relating to metabolism, the total range of biochemical processes that occur within us (or any living organism).

Metabolism consists of anabolism (the buildup of substances) and catabolism (the breakup of substances).

Metabolism: The whole range of biochemical processes that occur within us (or any living organism). Metabolism consists both of anabolism and catabolism (the buildup and breakdown of substances, respectively). The term is commonly used to refer specifically to the breakdown of food and its revolution into energy.

Microvascular: Pertaining to the microvasculature, the portion of the vasculature of the body consisting of the less significant vessels, those with an internal diameter of at most 100 microns. In contrast to macrovascular.

Microvascular disease: Disease of the finer blood vessels in the body, including the capillary. In contrast to macrovascular disease. The microvascular complications of diabetes such as neuropathy can lead to loss of sensation and the development of foot stain.

Mumps : An acute (sudden, shortlived) viral illness that usually present with inflammation of the salivary glands, above all the parotid glands. A kid with mumps often looks like a chipmunk with a full jaws due to the swelling of the parotids (the salivary glands near the ears).

Muscle: Muscle is the tissue of the body which primarily functions as a source of muscle. There are three types of muscle in the body. Muscle which is responsible for agonizing extremity and outdoor areas of the body is called "skeletal muscle." Heart muscle is called "cardiac muscle." Muscle that is in the walls of arteries and bowel is called "smooth muscle." Nausea: Nausea, is the pressurize to vomit. It can be carry by many causes including, systemic illnesses, such as respiratory tract infection, medications, pain, and inner ear disease. When nausea and/or vomiting are persistent, or when they are accompanied by other severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, make-believe, or bleading, a physican should be consult.

Nephropathy: Any kidney disease. For example, there is diabetic nephropathy, gouty nephropathy, HIV-associated nephropathy, ischemic nephropathy, sickle cell nephropathy,and so on. From the Greek "nephros" (kidney) "pathos" (disease).

Nerve: A wad of fibers that uses chemical and electrical signals to put on air sensory and motor information from one body part to another. See: Nervous system.

Neuropathic pain: Chronic pain resulting from injury to the nervous system. The injury can be to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). Neuropathic pain can occur after trauma and many diseases such as multiple sclerosis and switch. It is common and affects more than 2 million people in the US alone. This type of pain is scandalously unrewarding to treat.

Neuropathy: Any and all disease or hiccup of the nerves.

Normal range: By convention, the normal range for anything (a particular test, condition, symptom, behavior, etc.) is set to cover ninety-five percent (95%) of all values from the general population. Five percent (5%) of results as a result fall outside the normal range. Values that prove normal can therefore sometimes be outside the normal range.Obesity: The state of being well above one's normal substance.Onset: In medicine, the first likeness of the signs or symptoms of an illness as, for example, the onset of rheumatoid arthritis . There is always an onset to a disease but never to the champion again apposite health. The failure to pay situation is good health.Oral glucose tolerance test: A test to establish the body's ability to handle glucose .Organ: A relatively self-sufficient part of the body that carries out one or more special functions. The organs of the human body include the eye, ear, heart, lungs, and liver.

Overweight: The term "overweight" is used in two contrasting ways. In one talent it is a way of prudent saying imprecisely that someone is beefy. The other sense of "overweight" is more precise and designate a state between normal weight and obesity .Pain: An dreadful sensation that can range from balmy, localized discomfort to agony. Pain has both physical and emotional components. The physical part of pain results from nerve kick. Pain may be contained to a discrete area, as in an injury, or it can be more spread, as in disorders like fibromyalgia . Pain is mediate by specific nerve fibers that carry the pain impulses to the brain where their awake appreciation may be customized by many factor.Pancreas: A fish-shaped spongy grayish-pink organ about 6 inches (15 cm) long that stretch across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). The narrow end of the pancreas, called the tail, extends to the left side of the body.

Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas, a spongy, tube-shaped organ about 6 inches long. It is located in the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen. It is connected to the duodenum, the upper end of the small intestine. The narrow end of the pancreas, called the tail, extends to the left side of the body.

Pancreatitis : Inflammation of the pancreas. Of the many different causes of pancreatitis , the most common are alcohol and gallstones .

Penile: Of or pertaining to the penis.

Penis: The external masculine femininity organ used to copulate and ejaculate semen and to bring urine outside the body. In Latin, the word "penis" originally anticipated "a tail ." The Latin "penis" is related to the verb pendere meaning "to hang up down."Pituitary: 1. As an adjective, pertaining to the pituitary gland or its hormonal secretions. 2. As a noun, the pituitary gland itself.

Pituitary gland: The main endocrine gland. It is a small structure in the head. It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. The pituitary consists of the anterior and rear pituitary.

Plasma: The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid, which makes up about half of its brilliance. Plasma is devoid of cells and, unrelated serum, has not clot. Blood plasma contains antibodies and other proteins. It is taken from contributor and made into medications for a variety of blood-related conditions. Some blood plasma is also used in non-medical products.

Precursor: Forerunner. That which precede or is derived from an available source.Pregnancy: The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the feminine body. This condition can be indicated by high-spirited results on an over-the-counter urine test, and confirmed through a blood test, ultrasound, detection of fetal heartbeat, or an X-ray. Pregnancy last for about nine months, measured from the date of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP). It is conventionally divided into three trimesters, each crudely three months long.Pregnant: The state of carrying a developing fetus within the body.

Prescription: A physician's bid for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient. A prescription has several parts. They include the superscription or heading with the image "R" or "Rx", which stands for the word recipe (meaning, in Latin, to take); the inscription, which contains the names and quantity of the ingredient; the subscription or directions for compounding the drug; and the name which is often precede by the sign "s" character for signa (Latin for mark), giving the directions to be streaked on the container.

Prevalence: The profit of individuals in a population having a disease. Prevalence is a statistical idea referring to the number of cases of a disease that are ongoing in a particular population at a given time.Primary: First or foremost in time or development. The primary teeth (the little one teeth) are those that be the frontrunner. Primary may also refer to symptoms or a disease to which others are secondary.

Progressive: Increasing in breathing space or starkness. Advancing. Going transport. In medicine, a disease that is progressive is going from impossible to worse.Prospective: Looking forward. A prospective study or a prospective clinical trial is one in which the participant are identified and then follow forward in time.Protein: A large molecule unflappable of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the DNA code for the protein.Proteins: Large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding for the protein.Random: The process by which an outcome is determined solely unintentionally, for example, by a coin somersault.Range: In medicine and statistics, the distinction between the lowest and highest numerical values. For example, if five luckless child are born weigh two, three, four, four, and five pounds respectively, the range of their birth weights is two to five pounds.

Receptor: 1. In cell biology, a structure on the phony of a cell (or inside a cell) that selectively receive and bind a specific substance. There are many receptors. There is a receptor for ( insulin ; there is a receptor for low-density lipoproteins ( LDL ); etc. To take an example, the receptor for substance P, a molecule that acts as a messenger for the sensation of pain , is a imaginative harbor on the cell surface where substance P docks. Without this receptor, substance P cannot berth and cannot deliver its announcement of pain. Variant forms of nuclear hormone receptors mediate processes such as cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid production. Some hormone receptors are implicated in diseases such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. A receptor called PXR appears to jump-start the body's response to peculiar chemicals and may be involved in drug-drug interactions.

2. In neurology, a terminal of a sensory nerve that receives and responds to stimulus.

Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom or disease after a remission. The return of cancer cells at the same holiday camp or in another site is, fatefully, a familiar form of reappearance.

Recurrent: Back again. A constant fever is a fever that has return after an intermission: a recrudescent fever.

Red blood cell: The blood cell that carries oxygen. Red cells include hemoglobin and it is the hemoglobin which permits them to transport oxygen (and carbon dioxide). Hemoglobin, leaving from the subject from being a transport molecule, is a pigment. It dispense the cell its red color (and name).Regimen: With the articulation on the first syllable (reg as in Reggie Jackson), a regimen is a connive, a regulated course such as a diet, exercise or treatment, designed to give a good result. A low-salt diet is a regimen.

Rejection: In transplantation biology, the refusal by the body to adopt transplant cells, tissues or organs. For example, a kidney transplanted may be rejected.

Resistance: Opposition to something, or the ability to withstand it. For example, some forms of staphylococcus are resistant to treatment with antibiotics.Retina: The retina is the nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates impulses that voyage through the optic nerve to the brain. There is a small area, called the macula, in the retina that contains special light-sensitive cells. The macula allows us to see fine fine points rationally.Retinal: Pertaining to the retina , the extraordinary layer of neurons (nerve cells) that column the back of the eye, which can sense light and create impulses practised of voyaging through the optic nerve to the brain where the impulses are recognized as an image.Retinal detachment : A delineation of the retina from its bond last of the eye. The separation usually results from a cleave (that is, a lease or devastate, not a tear drop) in the retina. The tear often occurs when the vitreous gel pull loose-fitting or separates from its fidelity to the retina, usually in the outside edges of the eye. The vitreous is a clear gel that crawl most of the inside of the eye between the retina and the lens. If the retina is weak when the vitreous gel pulls loose, the retina will tear. This rip is sometimes accompanied by bleeding, or hemorrhage, if a vein is also ragged.

Retinopathy: Any disease of the retina, the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye. The type of retinopathy is often specified. Arteriosclerotic retinopathy is retinal disease due to arteriosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries").

Diabetic retinopathy is retinal disease associated with diabetes. Hypertensive retinopathy is retinal disease due to high blood pressure. Etc.

Risk factor: Something that increases a person's possibility of developing a disease.

Seizure: Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, which may produce a physical fit, minor physical signs, scheme disturbances, or a combination of symptoms.

Seizure disorders: One of a great many medical conditions that are characterized by episode of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (seizures). Some tremor disorders are heritable, but others are caused by birth defect or biological hazard, such as lead poison. Seizure disorders are more upcoming to develop in patients who have other neurological disorders, psychiatric conditions, or immune-system problems. In some cases, uncontrolled seizure can cause brain damage, lower intellect, and permanent mental and physical impairment. Diagnosis is by observation, neurological examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), and in some cases more advanced brain imaging technique. Treatment is usually by medication, although in difficult cases a special diet or brain surgery may be try.Sensation: In medicine and physiology , sensation refers to the registration of an incoming ( afferent ) nerve in-thing in that part of the brain called the sensorium , which is capable of such perception. Therefore, the perception of a stimulus as a result of its perception by sensory receptors.

(Sensory is here synonymous with sensation.) Sensitivity: 1. In psychology, the level of being sensitive. As, for example, sensitivity training, training in small groups to develop a sensitive awareness and understanding of oneself and of ones interchange with others. 2. In disease epidemiology, the ability of a system to detect epidemic and other changes in disease occurrence. 3. In screening for a disease, the proportion of persons with the disease who are right identified by a screening test. 4. In the definition of a disease, the proportion of persons with the disease who are correctly identified by defined criterion.

Shock: In medicine, shocker is a difficult condition brought on by a hasty reduce in blood motion through the body. There is failure of the circulatory system to maintain all right blood flow. This acerbically curtail the confinement of oxygen and nutrients to central organs. It also compromise the kidney and so curtails the removal of inhospitable surroundings from the body. Shock can be due to a number of different mechanisms including not enough blood volume (hypovolemic shock) and not enough output of blood by the heart (cardiogenic shock). The signs and symptoms of shock include low blood pressure (hypotension), overbreathing (hyperventilation), a weak speedy pulse, freeze clammy grayish-bluish (cyanotic) skin, decreased urine flow (oliguria), and mental changes (a sense of great anxiety and foreboding, puzzlement and, sometimes, combativeness).

Sibling: A brother or sister.

Sickle cell disease: A genetic blood disease due to the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin, namely hemoglobin S . Hemoglobin is the molecule in red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the extreme reach of the body.Skin: The skin is the body's outer pall. It protect us against heat and light, injury, and infection. It regulates body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. Weighing about 6 pounds, the skin is the body's largest organ. It is made up of two main layer; the outer epidermis and the inner dermis.

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine.

Steroid: A general period of chemical substances that are structurally related to one another and share the same chemical skeleton (a tetracyclic cyclopentaaphenanthrene skeleton).

Stomach: 1. The sac-shaped digestive organ that is located in the upper abdomen, under the ribs. The upper part of the stomach be close to to the esophagus, and the lower part lead into the small intestine.

Stress: Forces from the outside world impinge on the personal. Stress is a normal part of life that can help us cram and grow. Conversely, stress can cause us significant problems.Stroke : The sudden death of some brain cells due to a paucity of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or fall to pieces of an artery to the brain. A stroke is also called a cerebrovascular fluke or, for short, a CVA.Surgery: The word "surgery" has multiple meanings. It is the offshoot of medicine vexed with diseases and conditions which require or are amenable to operative procedures. Surgery is the work done by a surgeon. By analogy, the work of an editor put forth his pen as a scalpel is s form of surgery. A surgery in England (and some other countries) is a physician's or dentist's office.

Symptom: Any sketchy evidence of disease. Anxiety, lower back pain, and fatigue are all symptoms. They are sensations only the patient can perceive. In contrast, a sign is aspiration evidence of disease. A wounded feeler is a sign. It is evident to the patient, general practitioner, nurse and other observer.

Syndrome: A set of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together and which imitate the presence of a particular disease or an increased chance of developing a particular disease.Therapy: The treatment of disease .

Tissue: A tissue in medicine is not like a lump of tissue tabloid. It is a wide term that is applied to any group of cells that make specific functions. A tissue in medicine need not form a layer. Thus, The bone marrow is a tissue; Connective tissue consists of cells that invent fibers in the carcass following other body tissues; and Lymphoid tissue is the part of the body's immune system that help cherish it from bacteria and other foreign entity.

Transplant: The graft of a tissue from one place to another, just as in botany a bud from one industrial unit may perhaps be graft onto the shaft of another. The transplant of tissue can be from one part of the patient to another (autologous transplantation), as in the case of a skin graft using the patient's individual skin; or from one patient to another (allogenic transplantation), as in the case of transplanting a donor kidney into a receiver.

Trauma: Any injury , whether noticeably or emotionally impress. "Trauma" has both a medical and a psychiatric definition.

Medically, "trauma" refers to a serious or critical physical injury, grievance, or shock . This definition is often associated with trauma medicine practiced in emergency rooms and represent a popular vision of the term. In psychiatry , "trauma" has assumed a different meaning and refers to an submit yourself to that is emotionally sensitive, distressful, or appalling, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.

Trigger: Something that either set off a disease in people who are genetically predisposed to developing the disease, or that causes a certain symptom to occur in a person who has a disease. For example, brilliancy can trigger over-hasty in people with lupus.

Tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are a classic sign of inflammation, and can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

There are dozens of different types of tumors. Their names usually reflect the category of tissue they arise in, and may also put in the picture you something about their shape or how they grow. For example, a medulloblastoma is a tumor that arises from embryonic cells (a blastoma) in the inner part of the brain (the medulla). Diagnosis depends on the type and location of the tumor. Tumor sign tests and imaging may be used; some tumors can be see (for example, tumors on the outer surface of the skin) or feel (palpated with the hands).

Type 1 diabetes: See Diabetes, type 1.

Type 2 diabetes: See Diabetes, type 2.

Unconscious: 1. Interruption of awareness of oneself and one's milieu, lack of the ability to corner sight of or respond to stimuli in the environment. A person may become comatose due to oxygen deprivation, shock, central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and drugs, or injury.2. In psychology, that part of thought and emotion that happen outside everyday awareness.

Urine: Liquid waste. The urine is a clear, transparent fluid. It normally has an amber color. The medium amount of urine excreted in 24 hours is from 40 to 60 ounces (about 1,200 cubic centimeters). Chemically, the urine is on the whole an aqueous (watery) solution of brackish (sodium chloride) and substances called urea and uric acid. Normally, it contains about 960 parts of water to 40 parts of solid matter. Abnormally, it may contain sugar (in diabetes), albumen (a protein) (as in some forms of kidney disease), bile pigment (as in jaundice), or abnormal quantities of one or another of its normal components.

Vessel: A tube in the body that carries fluids: blood vessels or lymph vessels.

Viral: Of or pertaining to a virus. For example, "My daughter has a viral rash ." Viruses: Small living bit that can infect cells and change how the cells function. Infection with a virus can cause a person to develop symptoms. The disease and symptoms that are caused depend on the type of virus and the type of cells that are gangrenous.

Vital: Necessary to maintain life. Breathing is a vital function.

Weight loss: Weight loss is a decrease in body weight resulting from either honorary (diet, exercise) or involuntary (illness) environment. Most illustration of weight loss arise due to the loss of body fat, but in cases of unnecessary or severe weight loss, protein and other substances in the body can also be depleted. Examples of involuntary weight loss include the weight loss associated with cancer, malabsorption (such as from chronic diarrheal illnesses ), and chronic inflammation (such as with rheumatoid arthritis).